Hepatitis E virus infection in chronic liver disease causes rapid decompensation

Abstract

Hepatitis E previously known as enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, is a self limiting
infectious viral disease of developing countries. Various issues regarding the pathogenesis of liver
injury and its natural history remain unanswered after two decades of its discovery. A small proportion
of patients develop fulminant hepatic failure. Mortality is very high if it is associated with
pregnancy, especially during third trimester. After establishment of hepatitis A virus as a cause of
decompensation of chronic liver disease, now there are reports that hepatitis E viruses also does the
same. Acute hepatitis E in these patients has a protracted course with high morbidity and mortality.
Many patients develop hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy and even liver failure after
co-infection with hepatitis E virus. Now time has come to institute hepatitis E virus superinfection
as one of the cause of acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatitis E is a problem of developing countries
and Nepal is in the endemic zone. Sudden decompensation in chronic liver disease patient, who
were otherwise stable and under regular follow up, should be carefully dealt with. Patient statistics
at our unit shows that 7 cases of chronic liver diseases with superinfection with hepatitis E virus
were dealt from April 2004 to August 2005. Two patients (29%) died and 5 recovered. In patients
with recovery, there was deterioration of Child-Pugh grading and the duration of hospital stay was
longer. Thus, hepatitis E in diagnosed chronic liver disease case should be taken apprehensively.
Similarly patients of chronic liver disease traveling to endemic zone should take precaution. If
vaccine against hepatitis E virus is developed, chronic liver disease patient would be the eligible
candidate for vaccination beside pregnant ladies.

Key Words: Hepatitis E, Chronic Liver Disease, Decompensation.