B-Lynch Suture Management among Patients with Postpartum Hemorrhage in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Postpartum haemorrhage is the most life-threatening complication during pregnancy and atonic postpartum haemorrhage being the commonest one, often poses difficulties in management. B-Lynch suture with a high success rate has emerged as a life-saving measure in uncontrolled atonic postpartum haemorrhage refractory to uterotonics. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of B-Lynch suture management among patients with post-partum haemorrhage in a tertiary care centre. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary care centre from 1 April 2017 to 1 April 2021 after taking ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee of the same institution [Reference number: 497(6-11) C-2077/078]. All patients with post-partum haemorrhage during the study period were included in the study. Patients with traumatic post-partum haemorrhage, congenital malformations, complete placenta previa/accreta, bleeding disorders, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and retained bits of placenta were excluded from the study. A convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 90% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Out of 72 patients, 19 (26.39%) (17.85-34.93, 90% Confidence Interval) underwent B-Lynch suture management for atonic post-partum haemorrhage. Uterus salvage was done in 18 (94.74%) whereas 1 (5.26%) underwent a cesarean hysterectomy. Conclusions: The prevalence of the use of B-Lynch suture was similar to other studies done in similar settings. B-Lynch suture is a valuable addition for controlling intractable atonic primary postpartum haemorrhage refractory to uterotonics, thus saving the life as well as preserving the future fertility of the woman.


INTRODUCTION
Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of global maternal mortality and morbidity, accounting for 25-30% of all maternal deaths, and 75-90% of these casualties result from uterine atony. 1,2 It may lead to a cesarean hysterectomy thus impairing future fertility. Uterine atony accounts for more than 80% of cases of primary PPH. PPH may occur after vaginal delivery 4% or cesarean births 6%. 3,4 B-Lynch provides compression to both sides of the uterine body without disturbing the anatomy. It can stop postpartum haemorrhage without the need for pelvic surgery and potentially preserve fertility. 5 The success rate of B-Lynch in avoiding hysterectomy is 86.4% and has been widely recommended for controlling PPH. 6 Thus, the practice of this surgical management in the country is following the rising curve but there is a dearth of published literature regarding this topic.
The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of B-Lynch sutures management among patients with post-partum haemorrhage in a tertiary care centre. There was 1 (5.26%) maternal mortality in heart disease patient with pulmonary stenosis with severe mitral regurgitation 11 hours later due to cardiac arrest. However, the bleeding stopped after the B-Lynch suture application. A total of 3 (15.79%) patients developed wound infection and 15 (78.95%) were discharged without complications. None of the patients reported to the hospital for any complications. The mean age of patients was 28.5 (Range: 19-39) years. The mean birth weight of the baby was 3.42 kg with 12 (60%) babies having birth weight >3.0 kg. A total of 11 (57.98%) were primipara and most of the patients 8 (42.10%) were of the 26-30 years age group ( Table 2). 6 (30) 3-3.9 9 (45) ≥4

METHODS
3 (15) *One twin delivery A total of 14 (73.68%) women had an emergency cesarean delivery. Fetal distress seen in 6 (31.58%) was the commonest indication of the cesarean section followed by previous cesarean section in 4 (21.05%) ( Table 3).   7 There are some reports where B-Lynch was used only for control of postpartum haemorrhage, without any vessel ligation and the pregnancy outcomes in these cases were favourable. 8 Uterine compressive sutures are a well-established measure for control of haemorrhage following atonic postpartum haemorrhage when medical and nonmedical interventions fail. 9 The absorbable suture can be left in situ, and would typically not lead to problems with future pregnancies. 10 In the present study, the mean age of patients was quite similar to the study done in India (26.8 years), 11 but contrary to the study conducted in Singapore (35 years). 12 This may be due to early marriages and childbearing in our developing country. This is also similar to a study from India, 13 in which the mean age of patients was 26.6 years. This age difference may be due to early marriages and childbearing in our society Free Full Text Articles are Available at www.jnma.com.np due to cultural customs as per religion, socioeconomic status of the population, and country. The mean gestational age was 37.8 weeks (32-41). The results are similar to the following studies. 11,14,15 Atonic PPH was most common in primipara, whereas in a study conducted in Mumbai, India, atonicity was equal in both primipara and multiparous though the difference is not much in the present study too. 13 This is in contrast to findings in a study from India where the majority of patients were multigravida. 16 This can be attributed to different causative factors in different populations and indications of cesarean section in such women.
The average birth weight in the present study is similar to a study conducted in Scotland in which the birth weight was 3.5 kg. 15 In the present study emergency, cesarean section was the commonest mode of delivery which is quite similar to a study done in India which showed that 76% of patients had emergency LSCS and only 24% had elective LSCS. 17 This indicates that PPH most commonly occurs in emergency LSCS. Similarly in a study from India, 76% had emergency CS and 23.52% had an elective cesarean section. 11 Fetal distress followed by previous cesarean section was the commonest indication of cesarean section in our study, whereas a study from India showed prolonged labour (33%) followed by antepartum haemorrhage (30%) and prelabour rupture of membrane (20%) were the causative factors of atonic PPH. 13 In another study from India Preeclampsia was the most common cause, whereas in our study fetal distress was the commonest cause of cesarean delivery resulting in atonic PPH later. 11 The average blood loss in the present study was 1784 ml. The maximum number of patients had blood loss in the range of 1000-2000 ml. It indicates timely application and thus reduced blood transfusion, with only a few patients exceeding blood loss ≥2000 ml.
The mean blood loss was higher in comparison to studies (1363 ml, 1480 ml), 13,14 this difference may be due to difficulty in accurate assessment of blood loss. Assessment of blood loss may not be accurate by measuring the mops soaked as there is blood loss in the patient sheet and also some amount of blood is mixed with amniotic fluid during delivery. Extensive blood loss of >2000 ml was seen in one patient. 15 In our patients, B Lynch suture was timely applied so probably due to that the amount of blood loss and need for blood transfusion is less in our present study.
There was a high success rate (94.7%) of B-Lynch suture in controlling atonic PPH, only one case needed a cesarean hysterectomy as bleeding persisted despite the application of B Lynch suture. There was one maternal mortality though atonic PPH was managed with B-Lynch suture patient but patient died in ICU due to heart disease. A study from Pakistan showed a success rate of 83% of B-Lynch suture in controlling PPH whereas another study showed a success rate of 91% in control of PPH. 18,19 Although various studies showed B lynch was 100% effective in controlling atonic PPH, [20][21][22] few others in the systematic review showed a 91.7% success rate in controlling PPH, [23][24][25][26] thus most of them showing success rate between 82-95%. 12,26 The difference in success rate may be due to different reasons, time of application, technique, patient selection criteria and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy features in patients. The B lynch brace suture has the advantage of being applied easily and rapidly. It should be attempted as early as possible in order to maximise its success, and prophylactic application should be considered in patients with high risk. 13 Due to a higher success rate B Lynch suture can achieve remarkable results in the treatment of PPH, and can stop the bleeding quickly by its timely application. The post-graduate students, all trainees, and registrars in obstetrics and gynaecology should be taught the procedure so that it can be effectively used during emergencies. 11 It is a single-centred study with small sample size. However, it highlights the prevalence of B Lynch suture and success in controlling atonic PPH. Despite the collection of various data regarding complications, it may not reflect the complication rate of the procedure. Thus larger population-based studies with long-term follow-up are recommended in future.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of the use of B-Lynch suture was similar to other studies done in similar settings. The B-Lynch suture is an easy method in controlling atonic primary PPH when medical management fails to control the haemorrhage and should always be considered before attempting a hysterectomy.