Comprehensive Diabetes and Non-Communicable Disease Educator in the Low-Resource Settings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2828Keywords:
CDNCD Educator; diabetes; diabetes educator; DSME; global NCD alliance; NCD; non-communicable diseases; WHO PEN.Abstract
The role of self-management education in diabetes and other major non-communicable diseases is clearly evident. To take care of and educate people with diabetes and other major NCD under the supervision of medical professionals and for education of other health care professionals, Comprehensive Diabetes and NCD Educators are needed in the routine service in peripheral health clinics and hospitals. The areas of training of CDNCD educator should match with the cost-effective interventions for diabetes and other major NCD that are feasible and planned for implementation in primary care in the low resource settings. Most of such interventions are part of diabetes education as required for Diabetes Self-Management Education programmes and traditional Diabetes Educator. The addition of use of inhaled steroids and bronchodilator in chronic respiratory disease and identification of presenting features of cancer, also required for many people with diabetes with various such common co-morbidities, will complete the areas of training of traditional Diabetes Educator as that of CDNCD Educator. Staff nurse and health assistants, who are as such already providing routine clinical service to all patients including with diabetes and major NCD in peripheral health clinics and hospitals, are most appropriate for CDNCD Educator training. The training of CDNCD Educator, like that of traditional Diabetes Educator, requires fulfillment of sufficient hours of practical work experience under supervision and achievement of the essential competencies entailing at least 6 month or more of intensive training schedules to be eligible to appear in its final certifying examination.
Keywords: CDNCD Educator; diabetes; diabetes educator; DSME; global NCD alliance; NCD; non-communicable diseases; WHO PEN. | PubMed
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acarbose add-on therapy in the treatment of overweight
patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled
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Comparative, Multi-centric, Active Controlled Study to
Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Benefits of Fixed
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Metformin alone in Type 2 diabetes. J Assoc Physicians India
2010;48:679-687.
44. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in
diabetes 2016. Diabetes Care 2016;39(Suppl.1):S1-S111
45. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al.; American
Diabetes Association (ADA); European Association for the
Study of Diabetes (EASD). Management of hyperglycemia
in type 2 diabetes: a patient centered approach: position
statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and
the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).
Diabetes Care 2012;35: 1364–1379
46. Cahn A, Raz I, Kleinman Y, et al. Clinical assessment of
individualized glycemic goals in patients with type 2
diabetes: Formulation of an algorithm based on a survey
among leading worldwide diabetologists. Diabetes Care
2015 2015 ;38:2293-2300.
47. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton
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worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217-23.
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Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular
disease: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment.
Circulation 2010;122: 1-25.
49. Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins
B, Aveyard P. Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation:
A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Ann Intern
Med. 2016;164(9):585-92.
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Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
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Curriculum for Diabetes Health Professional Education of
IDF. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2008
8. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Education
Modules. Brussels: International Diabetes Federtion, 2011.
9. Funnell MM, Brown TL, Childs BP, et al. National Standards
for Diabetes Self-Management Education. Diabetes Care
2007;30(6):1630-7.
10. Clarke A. Delivering diabetes education in the community to
meet local needs. J Diabet Nursing 2008;12(9):348-57.
Mansell P. The Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE)
education Programme. J Diabet Nursing 2012;16(9):364-9.
12. Forde R, Dinneen S, Humphreys M, et al. Review of Diabetes
Structured Education. Dublin: Republic of Ireland, 2009.
13. Blonde L, Warren-Boulton E. Translating science into
practice: the US National Diabetes Education Program.
DiabetesVoice 2007;52(1): 20-23
14. Walsh N, George S, Priest L, et al. The current status of diabetes
professional educational standards and competencies in the
UK—a Position Statement from the Diabetes UK Healthcare
Professional Education Competency Framework Task and
Finish Group. Diabetic Medicine 2011;28:1501-7.
15. WHO. Package of Essential Non-communicable Disease
Interventions (WHO PEN) for Primary Care in Low-Resource
Settings. Geneva: WHO, 2010.
16. WHO. A Global Brief on Hypertension – Silent Killer, Global
Public Health Crisis. Genva: WHO, 2013.
17. WHO. World health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting
healthy life. Geneva: WHO, 2003.
18. Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, et al. Diabetes and
cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(7):1674-85.
19. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Seshasai SR, Kaptoge
S, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of
cause-specific death. N Engl J Med 2011; 364(9):829-41.
20. NCD Alliance. Non-Communicable Diseases: Join the Fight
– An Online Advocacy Toolkit. NCD Alliance, 2013.
21. Bhattarai MD. Facilitation of free residential training inside
the country – The fundamental health service responsibility
of the Government and its regulatory body. J Nepal Med
Assoc 2015;53(197):40-69.
22. Moshang J. Getting the job done: the diabetes nurse specialist.
Int J Clin Pract 2007;61(9):1429-31.
23. Pishdad GR, Pishdad R, Pishdad P. A nurse-managed
diabetes care programme. Int J Clin Prac 2007;61(9):1492-7
24. Gosden CA, Barnard K, Williams DRR, Tinati T, Turner
B, Holt RIG. A decade in diabetes specialist services, 2000
to 2011, in England: the views of consultant diabetologists
and diabetes specialist nurses amidst persistent healthcare
delivery change. Dabetic Medicine 2015;32:1662-6.
25. Korsatko S, Habacher W, Rakovac I, et al. Evaluation of a
Teaching and Treatment Program in Over 4,000 Type 2
Diabetic Patients After Introduction of Reimbursement
Policy for Physicians. Diabetes Care 2007;30(6):1584-6.
26. National Certification Board of Diabetes Educator.
Certification Examination for Diabetes Educators. St. Olathe
(US): NCBDE, 2014.
27. Bleakley A, Bligh J, Browne J. Medical Education for the
Future: Identity, Power and Location. London: Springer,
2011.
28. Kaufman DM, Mann KV, Jennet PA. Teaching and Learning
in Medical Education: How Theory can Inform Practice.
Edinburgh: Association for the Study of Medical Education
(ASME); 2000.
29. Harvey L, Green D. Defining quality. Assess Eval High Educ
1993;18:9–34
30. Bhattarai MD. Twenty Lessons to Incorporate EBM Concept
and Practices into Medical Education. In: Sitaras NM, Ed.
Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) – Closer to Patients or
Scientists? Rijeka: INTECH, 2012: 29-54.
31. Los Angeles Southwest College. Definition of “Credit hourâ€
– The Carnegie Unit: How to Calculate Student Contact
Hours. Los Angeles: LASC, 2015.
32. Taylor CG, Bynoe K, Worme A, et al. A checklist that
enhances the provision of education during insulin initiation
simulation: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2015
Sep 4. doi: 10.1111/dme.12956. [Epub ahead of print].
33. Tariq M, Bhulani N, Jafferani A, et al. Optimum number of
procedures required to achieve procedural skills competency
in internal medicine residents. BMC Medical Education,
2015;15:179.
34. American Association of Diabetes Educators. The Scope of
Practice, Standards of Practice, and Standards of Professional
Performance for Diabetes Educator. Chicago: American
Association of Diabetes Educators, 2014.
35. American Association of Diabetes Educators. Competencies
for Diabetes Educators: A Companion Document to the
Diabetes Educator Practice Levels Chicago: American
Association of Diabetes Educators, 2014.
36. Marwick TH, Hordern MD, Miller T et al. Exercise training
for type 2 diabetes mellitus – Impact on cardiovascular risk:
A scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Circulation 2009; 119(25):3244-62.
37. Bhattarai MD. Three patterns of rising type 2 diabetes
prevalence in the world: Need to widen the concept of
prevention in individuals into control in the community. J
Nepal Med Assoc. 2009;48(174):173-9.
38. Select Committee on Environment, Transport and Regional
Affairs Eleventh Report. Walking in towns and cities. [online].
2001 June 30 [cited 2015 June 3]; Available from: URL:http://
www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/
cmenvtra/167/16708.htm#n
39. Beverage Marketing Corporation. University of Michigan
Annual Consumer Satisfaction Index, Michigan, University
of Michigan, 2005.
40. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A,
Laakso M, STOP-NIDDM Trail Research Group. Acarbose
for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM
randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9323):2072-7.
41. Rosenstock J, Brown A, Fischer J, Jain A, Littlejohn T, Nadaeu
D, et al. Efficacy and safety of acarbose in metformin treated
patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:2050-2055.
42. Halimi S, Le Berre MA, Grange V. Efficacy and safety of
acarbose add-on therapy in the treatment of overweight
patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled
with metformin: a double blind placebo-controlled study.
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2000;50:49-56.
Jayaram S, Hariharan RS, Madhavan R, Periyandavar I,
Samra SS. A Prospective, Parallel Group, Open-Labeled,
Comparative, Multi-centric, Active Controlled Study to
Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Benefits of Fixed
Dose Combination of Acarbose and Metformin versus
Metformin alone in Type 2 diabetes. J Assoc Physicians India
2010;48:679-687.
44. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in
diabetes 2016. Diabetes Care 2016;39(Suppl.1):S1-S111
45. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al.; American
Diabetes Association (ADA); European Association for the
Study of Diabetes (EASD). Management of hyperglycemia
in type 2 diabetes: a patient centered approach: position
statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and
the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).
Diabetes Care 2012;35: 1364–1379
46. Cahn A, Raz I, Kleinman Y, et al. Clinical assessment of
individualized glycemic goals in patients with type 2
diabetes: Formulation of an algorithm based on a survey
among leading worldwide diabetologists. Diabetes Care
2015 2015 ;38:2293-2300.
47. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton
PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of
worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217-23.
48. A policy statement from the American Heart Association.
Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular
disease: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment.
Circulation 2010;122: 1-25.
49. Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins
B, Aveyard P. Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation:
A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Ann Intern
Med. 2016;164(9):585-92.
50. Cao Y, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci
EL. Light to moderate intake of alcohol, drinking patterns,
and risk of cancer: results from two prospective US cohort
studies. BMJ 2015;351:h4238.
51. National Diabetes Education Program. Power to Prevent:
A Family Lifestyle Approach to Diabetes Prevention. US:
National Diabetes Education Program. (Available at: http://
ndep.nih.gov/media/power-to-prevent-508.pdf)
52. Board of Science. Board of Science Publications and
Resources Timeline. London: British Medical Association
(Available at: http://www.bma.org.uk/about-the-bma/
how-we-work/professional-activities-and-special-interest/
board-of-science/board-of-science-publications)
53. CancerCare. For Health Care Professionals. New York:
CancerCare. (Available at: http://www.cancercare.org/
professionals)
54. British Heart Foundation. Professional Resources. London:
British Heart Foundation. (Available at: https://www.
bhf.org.uk/healthcare-professionals/resources-for-healthprofessionals)
55. CDC. Educational Materials for Professionals. Atlanta: CDC,
2015. (Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/
materials_for_professionals.htm)
56. WHO. Preparing a Health Care Workforce for the 21st
Century – The Challenge of Chronic Conditions. Geneva:
WHO, 2005.
57. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma
Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma,
2015
58. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and
Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: 2014
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Published
2016-06-30
How to Cite
Bhattarai, M. D. (2016). Comprehensive Diabetes and Non-Communicable Disease Educator in the Low-Resource Settings. Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 54(202), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2828
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